Kind of Blue (31) is a studio album by American jazz trumpeter, composer, and bandleader Miles Davis. It was recorded in March and April 1959, at Columbia’s 30th Street Studio in New York City, and released in August of that year by Columbia Records. For the recording, Davis led a sextet featuring saxophonists John Coltrane and Julian “Cannonball” Adderley, pianist Bill Evans, bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Jimmy Cobb, with new band pianist Wynton Kelly appearing on one track – “Freddie Freeloader” – in place of Evans.
Influenced in part by Evans, who had joined the ensemble in 1958, Davis departed further from his early hard bop style in favor of greater experimentation with musical modes, as on his previous album Milestones (1958). Basing Kind of Blue entirely on modality, he gave each performer a set of scales that encompassed the parameters of their improvisation and style, and consequently more creative freedom with melodies; Coltrane later expanded on this modal approach in his own solo career.
Davis elaborated on this form of composition in contrast to the chord progression predominant in bebop, stating ‘No chords … gives you a lot more freedom and space to hear things. When you go this way, you can go on forever. You don’t have to worry about changes and you can do more with the [melody] line. It becomes a challenge to see how melodically innovative you can be. When you’re based on chords, you know at the end of 32 bars that the chords have run out and there’s nothing to do but repeat what you’ve just done—with variations. I think a movement in jazz is beginning away from the conventional string of chords … there will be fewer chords but infinite possibilities as to what to do with them.’
As was Davis’s penchant, he called for almost no rehearsal and the musicians had little idea what they were to record. As described in the original liner notes by pianist Bill Evans, Davis had only given the band sketches of scales and melody lines on which to improvise. Once the musicians were assembled, Davis gave brief instructions for each piece and then set to taping the sextet in studio. While the results were impressive with so little preparation, the persistent legend that the entire album was recorded in one pass is untrue. Only “Flamenco Sketches” yielded a complete take on the first try. That take, which is not the master, was added to the 1997 CD reissue of the album as a bonus track. The five master takes issued were the only other complete takes; an insert for the ending to “Freddie Freeloader” was recorded, but was not used for release or on the issues of Kind of Blue prior to the 1997 reissue.
Kind of Blue is regarded by many critics as the greatest jazz record, Davis’s masterpiece, and one of the best albums of all time. Its impact on music, including jazz, rock, and classical genres, has led writers to also deem it one of the most influential albums ever recorded. The album was one of fifty recordings chosen in 2002 by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, and in 2020 it was ranked number 31 on Rolling Stone magazine’s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2019, Kind of Blue was certified 5x Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of at least five million copies, making it one of the most commercially successful jazz albums in history.
